1. Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants

    Content: Study of asexual and sexual reproduction in plants, including alternation of generations, pollination, fertilization, and seed formation.

    Objective: To understand the reproductive mechanisms in lower and higher plants, including the structure and function of reproductive organs.

 2. Reproduction in Lower and Higher Animals

    Content: Exploration of asexual and sexual reproduction in animals, reproductive systems, and embryonic development in various animal species.

    Objective: To understand the reproductive strategies of different animal species, with a focus on human reproduction, gametogenesis, fertilization, and embryonic development.

 3. Inheritance and Variation

    Content: Mendelian genetics, laws of inheritance, and variations in inheritance patterns, including polygenic inheritance and mutations.

    Objective: To explore the principles of heredity, genetic variation, and the impact of mutations on genetic diversity.

 4. Molecular Basis of Inheritance

    Content: DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation, and gene regulation. Study of RNA, genetic code, and protein synthesis.

    Objective: To understand the molecular mechanisms of inheritance and the processes involved in the expression and regulation of genetic information.

 5. Origin and Evolution of Life

    Content: Theories of the origin of life, evolution, natural selection, speciation, and the evidence supporting evolutionary theory.

    Objective: To examine the processes leading to the evolution of life on Earth and understand the mechanisms that drive evolutionary change.

 6. Plant Water Relation

    Content: Water absorption, transport, transpiration, and osmoregulation in plants. Study of mechanisms like the cohesiontension theory.

    Objective: To understand how plants manage water balance and the physiological processes involved in water transport.

 7. Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition

    Content: Plant growth regulators (hormones), photoperiodism, vernalization, and the role of essential minerals in plant nutrition.

    Objective: To explore the factors affecting plant growth and development, as well as the importance of nutrients in plant metabolism.

 8. Respiration and Circulation

    Content: Mechanisms of respiration, gaseous exchange, respiratory pigments, and circulatory systems in animals, including humans.

    Objective: To understand the physiological processes of respiration and circulation, focusing on the structure and function of the human respiratory and circulatory systems.

 9. Control and Coordination

    Content: Nervous system, endocrine system, and hormonal regulation in animals. Study of plant hormones and tropisms.

    Objective: To explore the control and coordination mechanisms in plants and animals, focusing on nervous and endocrine systems in humans.

 10. Human Health and Diseases

    Content: Study of common human diseases, their causes, prevention, and treatment. Immunology, vaccines, and public health.

    Objective: To understand the causes and spread of diseases, immune responses, and strategies for disease prevention and control.

 11. Enhancement of Food Production

    Content: Green revolution, biofortification, animal husbandry, and plant breeding techniques to increase food production.

    Objective: To explore methods of improving crop yields and animal productivity to meet global food demands.

 12. Biotechnology

    Content: Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, transgenic plants and animals, and applications of biotechnology in medicine and agriculture.

    Objective: To understand the tools and techniques of biotechnology and their applications in various fields such as agriculture, healthcare, and industry.

 13. Organisms and Populations

    Content: Study of ecology, population interactions, adaptations, and dynamics of populations in ecosystems.

    Objective: To explore the relationship between organisms and their environment, focusing on population ecology and environmental adaptation.

 14. Ecosystems and Energy Flow

    Content: Structure and function of ecosystems, food chains, food webs, ecological pyramids, and the flow of energy through ecosystems.

    Objective: To understand the functioning of ecosystems and how energy and nutrients flow through different trophic levels.

 15. Biodiversity Conservation and Environmental Issues

    Content: Study of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, conservation strategies, and environmental issues such as pollution, global warming, and deforestation.

    Objective: To examine the importance of biodiversity and the need for its conservation, along with addressing global environmental concerns.